"Within the expansive field of Gynecology and obstetrics, the primary conditions that are dealt with by a gynecologist and Obstetrician includes Infertility, Incontinence, Amenorrhea (absent menstrual periods), Infections,Dysmenorrhea (painful or uncomfortable menstrual periods), and Menorrhagea (heavy menstrual periods), which is one of the common indication for hysterectomy. Some of the other more common reasons patients may need specialized health care includes, normal pregancy,complicated pregnancy, painless delievery, birth control, menopause, ovarian cysts, sexual dysfunction, pelvic pain, well-woman exams, breast pain and lumps, and management of abnormal pap smears"